Ghol Hujere

Ghol Hujere Heqqide Qisqiche Chushenche

(Stem Cells)

Dr. Memet Emin

Insanlar we sut emguchi haywanlarning bedini 200 din artuq oxshimghan turdiki tiriliyunlighan hujeyriler toplimidin terkip tapqan bolup, ghol hujeyre bolsa bu hujeyrelilerning atisi hisaplinidu. Ghol hujeyride yalghuz ozini kopeyteleydighan alahidilik bolup qalmastin belki bolunush arqiliq janliqlar bedinidiki 200 din artuq oxshimghan shu tiriliyunlighan hujeyrilerge aylinaleshtek alahidilikke ige.

Ghol hujeyrining bedendiki bashqa hujeyrilerge oxshimaydighan bir alahidiliki shuki ghol hujeyre tixi bedendiki bashqa hujeyrilerge oxshash alahide xizmet texsimatigha ige bolmighan iptidayi hujeyre bolup, muhapiq sharahit yitilgende, alahide xizmet texsimatigha ige huyrige aylinishi mumkin.

Ghol hujeyrisini adette kilish menbesi we alahidilikige asasen torelme ghol hujeyrisi (embryonic stem cells) we balaghetke yetken ghol hujeyre (adult stem cells) yaki beden ghol hujeyrisi (somatic stem cells) dep ikki xilgha ayrish mumkin. Torelme ghol hujeyrisi bolunush arqiliq bedendiki her qandaq hujeyrige aylinish alahidilikige ige. Balaghetke yetken ghol hujeyre bolsa bolunush arqiliq bedendiki bir qisim hujeyrilerge aylinish alahidilikige ige.

Bir hepte ichidiki torelme (embryo) din ilinghan hujeyre torelme ghol hujeyrisi (embryonic stem cells) hisaplinidu. Yiqinda tetqiqatchilar bala hemri suyi (amniotic fluid) dinmu torelme ghol hujeyrige oxshash alahidilikke ige hujeyrilerning barliqini bayqighan.

Toluq yitilgen haywan we yaki insanlar (bowaq yaki balaghetke yetkenler) ning bedendiki her xil organlardin we ezalardin, shundaqla bala hemri (placenta) din, bala kindik qini (umbilical cord blood) din ayrip chiqilghan ghol hujeyriler balaghetke yetken ghol hujeyre (adult stem cells) yaki beden ghol hujeyre (somatic stem cells) hisaplinidu.

Balaghetke yetken ghol hujeyre tetqiqati 1950-yilliri bashlanghan bolup, eyni waqitta tetqiqatchilar songek ilikide qan ishlep chiqarghuch ghol hujeyre (hematopoietic stem cells) we songek ilik qurulma ghol hujeyre (bone marrow stromal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells) din ibaret ikki xil ghol hujeyrining barliqini bayqighan. Qan ishlep chiqarghuch ghol hujeyresi (hematopoietic stem cells) digende bolunush arqiliq qandiki her xil hujeyrilerger aylinaylaydighan ghol hujeyrini kozde tutidu. Songek ilik qurulma ghol hujeyre (bone marrow stromal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells) si bolsa bolunup tereqqi qilish arqiliq songek, yumshaq songek, may, talla toqulma hujeyrilerge aylinalayduighan ghol hujeyrini kozde tutidu.

Tetqiqatqchilar yiqinqi yillardin buyan balaghetke yetken ghol hujeyre tetqiqatida kopligen ilgirleshlerge ige bolghan bolup, yurek, minge, muskul, tire, jiger qatarliq eza we organlardimu ghol hujeyrining barliqini bayqighan.

1981-yiligha kelgende tetqiqatchilar, chashqandin tunji torelmey ghol hujeyrisini yitildurup chiqqan. Insanlarning tunji torelme ghol hujeyrisi bolsa 1998-yili yitildurulgen. Insanlarning torelme ghol hujeyrisini, tetqiqat uchun pidayilarning qoshulushi arqiliq sunni uruqlandurulghan torelmidin ajirtip chiqqan.

Undin bashqa tetqiqatchilar chonglar ghol hujeyrisini qayta porogurammilashturush arqiliq yingi bir xil ghol hujeyrisini yitildurup chiqqan bolup, bu yitildurup chiqilghan kop iqtidarliq ghol hujeyre (induced pluripotent stem cells. iPSCs) dep atilidu.

Hazir songek ilikidin we we bala kindik qini (umbilical cord blood) din ayrip chiqilghan balaghetke yetken ghol hujeyre (adult stem cells) 80 xil oxshimighan kiselliklerni dawalashta ishlitilmekte. Aq qan rakigha giriptar bolghan bimarlargha saghlam kishilerning songe ilikini almashturush arqilqi dawalash ilip birish ghol hujeyre arqiliq dawalash ilip birishning tipik misalidur.

Gerche torelme ghol hujeyre hazirche hichqandaq kisellikni dawalashta ishlitilmigen bolsimu, biraq tetqiqatchilar torelme ghol hujeyrining her xil kiselliklerni bolupmu Parkinson we Alzimir kisilini dawalashta hel qilghuch rol aynaydighanliqigha nahayti umutwarliq bilen qarimaqta.

Ghol hujeyre bilen dawalash ilip barghanda melum xeter ilip kilish ihtimali bar bolup, ular asasliqi bedende yallugh peyda qilish (infection), toqulma yeklesh (tissue rejection), we bedende osme peyda qilish qatarliqlarni oz ichige alidu.

Insanlar torelme ghol hujeyre tetqiqati we eneniwi exlaq arisida bezi toqunushlar mewjut bolup, bu toqunushning asasliq sewebi insanlar torelme ghol hujeyrige ige bolush uchun kelguside yitilip yingi bir janliqqa aylinidighan torelmini weyran qilishqa, yeni kelgusi tughulmaqchi bolghan bir bowaqni qurban qilishqa toghura kilidighan bolghanliqta; bezilerni uni bir ademni olturgen bilen barawer dep qaraydu. Undin bashqa ghol hujeyre tetqiqatidiki eng muhim texnikining biri bolghan torelmini kilon qilish texnikis torelmisi, kelguside ademni kilon qilishqa ishlitish ihtimali bolghanliqi uchun, nurghun kishiler insanlar torelme ghol hujeyre tetqiqatigha qarshi turup kelmekte.